Frequently Asked Question
Health & NutritionCalcium, vitamin D, and bone health
Last reviewed: January 9, 2026
Summary
Calcium needs can be met via fortified plant milks, calcium-set tofu, some greens, and other sources; vitamin D may need supplementation depending on sun exposure/region (true across diets). Bone health is multi-factorial (calcium, vitamin D, protein, resistance exercise).
Supported by 6 cited sources
Evidence Summary
- Fortified soy milk can be a nutritionally effective substitute for cow’s milk in some cardiometabolic outcomes (short-term RCT evidence;.
- Vitamin D insufficiency is common in many populations regardless of diet. Evidence quality: Moderate (short-term RCTs + authoritative nutrient guidance) Limitations / nuance: Some plant milks are unfortified; consumers must check labels. Bottom line: Dairy is optional for calcium/vitamin D adequacy; fortification and/or supplementation can fill
Supporting Evidence
Sources:
- Dinu M, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, Sofi F. Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies (2017)
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. NIH ODS: B12/Iodine/Vitamin D fact sheets.
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. NIH ODS nutrient fact sheets.
- Erlich MN, et al.. Meta-analysis: substituting soymilk for cow’s milk. (2024)
- Fernández-Rodríguez R, et al.. PBMAs and cardiometabolic health (2024)
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B12 - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (2024)
Sources:
- Dinu M, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, Sofi F. Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies (2017)
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. NIH ODS: B12/Iodine/Vitamin D fact sheets.
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. NIH ODS nutrient fact sheets.
- Erlich MN, et al.. Meta-analysis: substituting soymilk for cow’s milk. (2024)
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B12 - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (2024)
- Fernández-Rodríguez R, et al.. PBMAs and cardiometabolic health (2024)
Sources:
- Dinu M, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, Sofi F. Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies (2017)
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. NIH ODS: B12/Iodine/Vitamin D fact sheets.
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. NIH ODS nutrient fact sheets.
- Erlich MN, et al.. Meta-analysis: substituting soymilk for cow’s milk. (2024)
- Fernández-Rodríguez R, et al.. PBMAs and cardiometabolic health (2024)
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B12 - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (2024)
Sources & Evidence
6 sources cited across 3 claims
1
Calcium adequacy is achievable without dairy
GuidelineVegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies — Dinu M, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, Sofi F (2017)
Vitamin B12 - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2024)View source ↗
2
Vitamin D insufficiency affects all dietary patterns
ObservationalVegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies — Dinu M, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, Sofi F (2017)
Vitamin B12 - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2024)View source ↗
3
Bone health depends on multiple factors beyond dairy
GuidelineVegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies — Dinu M, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, Sofi F (2017)
Vitamin B12 - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2024)View source ↗